Journal: Biological Cybernetics

Article Title: A generic deviance detection principle for cortical On/Off responses, omission response, and mismatch negativity

doi: 10.1007/s00422-019-00804-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: Change detectors and the corresponding W solutions. a In the simulation settings, a prolonged stimulus of 2000 ms is fed to node 1. A range of inter-node connections W are scanned through, and the various temporal behaviors of the change detector (i.e., time courses of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$m_2^E(t)$$\end{document} m E ( t ) ) are categorized. b For categorization, four variables \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varDelta m_{On}$$\end{document} Δ m On , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varDelta m_{Stim}$$\end{document} Δ m Stim , \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varDelta m_{Off}$$\end{document} Δ m Off , and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varDelta m_{PrePost}$$\end{document} Δ m PrePost are calculated according to the time windows (light blue areas) for each time course \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$m_2^E(t)$$\end{document} m E ( t ) . The time courses that are not bistable are then categorized as one of the eight On/Off types. See detailed categorization settings in Table . c The exemplary responses of eight On/Off types. Gray bands represent the duration of stimulus. The black curves represent the time courses of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$m_2^E(t)$$\end{document} m E ( t ) , and the bold black curves are the envelopes. d All W solutions of the eight On/Off types in the scanned range are projected onto a 2D plane for visualization (MATLAB function: tsne), where color dots represent the eight types ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\{$$\end{document} { Inc, Dec \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\}\times \{$$\end{document} } × { None, On, Off, OnOff \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\}$$\end{document} } ). The eight exemplary behaviors in c are labeled in the zoomed in area (colour figure online)

Article Snippet: The black curves represent the time courses of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$m_2^E(t)$$\end{document} m E ( t ) , and the bold black curves are the envelopes. d All W solutions of the eight On/Off types in the scanned range are projected onto a 2D plane for visualization (MATLAB function: tsne), where color dots represent the eight types ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\{$$\end{document} { Inc, Dec \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\}\times \{$$\end{document} } × { None, On, Off, OnOff \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\}$$\end{document} } ).

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: Biological Cybernetics

Article Title: A generic deviance detection principle for cortical On/Off responses, omission response, and mismatch negativity

doi: 10.1007/s00422-019-00804-x

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of factors influencing the strength of connections W on the occurrence of On/Off responses. The W solutions of On/Off responses projected onto a 2D plane under a condition I: default, b condition II: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$W^{IX}=0$$\end{document} W IX = 0 , c condition III: NMDA-r antagonist, and d condition IV: synaptic adaptation. Dots with different colors and sizes represent different response types. e The contingency table of W solutions for condition I versus II. The value in each cell of the table (in red, with grayscale background) is the number of W solutions over the total number of scanned W s. A cell without a value means there was no W solution in that case. The cyan and magenta rectangles highlight the W solutions of On/Off types under one condition but not under the other. f Condition I versus III. g Condition I versus IV. h The bar chart represents the proportions of W solutions of On/Off types under the four conditions (colour figure online)

Article Snippet: The black curves represent the time courses of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$m_2^E(t)$$\end{document} m E ( t ) , and the bold black curves are the envelopes. d All W solutions of the eight On/Off types in the scanned range are projected onto a 2D plane for visualization (MATLAB function: tsne), where color dots represent the eight types ( \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\{$$\end{document} { Inc, Dec \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\}\times \{$$\end{document} } × { None, On, Off, OnOff \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\}$$\end{document} } ).

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